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Chronic cough is a cough that lasts 8 weeks or longer and is not due to serious underlying conditions. It is a common problem in primary care, accounting for up to 40% of referrals to pulmonologists.1 Common causes include rhinosinusitis, cough-variant asthma, eosinophilic bronchitis, smoking, certain medications (including angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors) and gastroesophageal reflux.2 Once […]

Chronic cough, defined as a cough lasting over 8 weeks, has an estimated global prevalence of 10% and has significant detrimental physical, social and psychological consequences on individuals.1,2 Chronic cough is a complex heterogeneous disease, in which many causative factors need to be explored (Figure 1).3 The three most reported associations are rhinosinusitis, gastro-oesophageal reflux disease and […]

With the advent of newer drugs targeting the biochemical pathways that lead to cough, it is increasingly important to understand the definition, pathogenesis and management of this symptom. Several specialist bodies also recognize the need for guidance in this area, and the American College of Chest Physicians (ACCP) and European Respiratory Society (ERS) have both […]

Asthma, classically defined as a chronic inflammatory disease of the lower respiratory tract, is a heterogeneous array of clinical disorders that differ in intensity, occurrence, triggers, comorbidities, genetics, clinical course and prognosis.1 It manifests as wheezing, cough, dyspnoea, chest tightness and fatigue.2 These manifestations can be episodic or permanent, and are usually associated with a variable, obstructive, […]

Strategy reports from both the Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) 20201 and the Global Initiative for Asthma (GINA) 20192 highlight the importance of using the triple combination of inhaled corticosteroids (ICS), long-acting β2-agonists (LABAs), and long-acting muscarinic receptor antagonists (LAMAs) in the treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and asthma, respectively. However, there is […]

Q. What is the difference between chronic cough and cough hypersensitivity syndrome? Chronic cough is a clinical condition that is defined as cough lasting for at least 8 weeks.2 This definition is used to enable clinicians to trigger a series of steps to diagnose any underlying conditions that may be causing the cough, for example […]

Gastroesophageal reflux (GER), the intermittent ascent of acid contents into the oesophagus, is a normal physiological process. In contrast, gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is present when the reflux of acid contents causes troublesome symptoms and/or complications.1 Asthma and symptomatic GER are both common disorders in childhood and symptoms of GER are frequently reported among children […]