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Welcome to the latest edition of touchREVIEWS in Respiratory & Pulmonary Diseases. As we continually strive to deliver cutting-edge research and insightful commentary, this issue is no exception, featuring a diverse array of articles that illuminate both emerging treatments and evolving practices within the field of respiratory and pulmonary medicine. We begin with a compelling […]

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Tezepelumab in the Treatment of Severe Asthma

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Published Online: May 26th 2022 touchREVIEWS in Respiratory & Pulmonary Diseases. 2022;7(1):2–3
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Abstract

Overview

Andrew Menzies-Gow
Andrew Menzies-Gow trained in respiratory medicine in South West London, UK, and completed his PhD at the National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London, UK. He is a consultant respiratory physician specializing in severe asthma and Director of the Lung Division at Royal Brompton and Harefield Hospitals, London, UK. He is a professor of practice (respiratory medicine) at Imperial College, London, UK, where his research interests include novel therapies for severe asthma and eosinophilic lung disease. He has published extensively on the role of systematic assessment in the management of severe asthma and is a co-chair of the UK severe asthma network and member of the steering committee for the International Severe Asthma Registry.

Keywords

Severe asthma, TSLP, biologics, tezepelumab

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Article

Asthma affects around 339 million people worldwide,1 with approximately 10% of these experiencing severe disease.2 Despite many advances in asthma therapy in recent years, including the advent of biologic therapies, many patients with severe asthma cannot control their symptoms.2,3 Severe, uncontrolled asthma is extremely debilitating and involves frequent exacerbations, significant limitations on lung function and a reduced quality of life.2,3 Patients are also at risk of increased mortality and hospitalization,4 and severe, uncontrolled asthma remains a significant health and economic burden.5

In December 2021, tezepelumab (Tezspire®, AstraZeneca and Amgen, Cambridge, UK and CA, USA) was approved following a Priority Review by the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Approval was based on results from the PATHFINDER clinical trial programme, including the NAVIGATOR Phase III trial (ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03347279) in which tezepelumab showed superiority compared with placebo across every primary and key secondary endpoint in patients with severe asthma, when added to standard therapy.6 In an expert interview, Professor Menzies-Gow discusses tezepelumab and its likely impact on clinical practice.

Q: What is the mechanism of action of tezepelumab?

Tezepelumab is a human monoclonal antibody that blocks the activity of thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP), a key epithelial derived cytokine, which sits at the top of the inflammatory cascade. When we breathe in things that can affect our lungs such as allergens, pollution, viruses, and cigarette smoke, they can increase the release of epithelial derived cytokines such as TSLP and also IL-25 and IL-33. We know that TSLP can drive classic allergic inflammation via the T helper (TH2) cells and B cells, which produce too much immunoglobulin E, leading to an allergic response. It can also impact on the innate immune response via the innate lymphoid cells type 2, which produce large amounts of IL-5 and IL-13 and drive eosinophilic asthma. From clinical studies to date, we also know that TLSP has an impact on airway hyperactivity. Therefore, Tezepelumab inhibits a very broad acting upstream cytokine.

Q: Could you give us a brief overview of the clinical data leading to the FDA approval of tezepelumab?

The main phase III study was NAVIGATOR, involving 1,061 patients with severe, uncontrolled asthma.7 It was a 52-week exacerbation study, taking individuals across a broad spectrum of blood eosinophil count at entry, unlike many other comparable studies. The primary outcome measure was the annualized rate of asthma exacerbations in the overall population and in patients with a blood eosinophil count of less than 300 cells per microliter. There was a clinically and statistically significant decrease in exacerbations in both populations with tezepelumab treatment compared to placebo of 56% and 41%, respectively. Secondary outcomes showed an early 2-week improvement in pre-bronchodilator forced expiratory volume in 1 second, as well as a statistically significant improvement in patient-reported outcome measures such as the asthma control questionnaire (ACQ-6) score and the asthma quality of life questionnaire (AQLQ). NAVIGATOR demonstrated that tezepelumab treatment improves a wide range of outcome measures in a broad population of patients with severe asthma.

Q: What is the safety profile of tezepelumab?

At the moment, the safety profile of tezepelumab appears to be good. We have the phase II and phase III study data, and there is a long-term extension study called DESTINATION (ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03706079), which is yet to read out, but there have been no significant safety signals to date.8 This will be kept under active review with post-marketing surveillance.

Q: What will be the impact of this approval on clinical practice?

This will have a significant impact on clinical practice for a number of reasons. The biologics that we have at the moment are effective for some patients but not for everyone, potentially because they target specific parts of the asthma inflammatory pathway. People often have a combination of allergic asthma and eosinophilic asthma and because tezepelumab has a broad mechanism of action it will be able to target both components. The impact on airway hyperactivity is also important. We know a lot about airways inflammation but we need to remember that airways hyperactivity is also important. Tezepelumab targets both inflammation and hyperactivity of the airways. Further studies are needed to determine where it best sits in the treatment of asthma, and whether we can start to think about other indications for tezepelumab, and other goals, for example, thinking beyond asthma control and looking towards asthma remission.

Q:Which patients are most likely to benefit from treatment with tezepelumab?

This is an important question. We now have six biologics and there are no direct head-to-head comparisons, so we decide which patients are most likely to benefit from treatment based on clinical intuition and the available study data. As I have discussed, tezelepumab’s mechanism of action makes it suitable for a broad population of people with severe asthma. There is never going to be a single biologic that is the answer for everyone, but I suspect that this will become a logical first-line biologic treatment for many. It is important to stress that this is the first biologic that works in people irrespective of biomarkers. This is, therefore, the only treatment option for people with a low blood eosinophil count with non-atopic asthma. It may also be the right treatment for many patients who have a combination of allergic and eosinophilic asthma. Ongoing studies and clinical experience will help determine exactly where it should sit in our treatment regime.

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References

  1. The Global Asthma Network. The Global Asthma Report. 2018. Available at: http://globalasthmareport.org/resources/Global_Asthma_Report_2018.pdf (accessed 29 March 2022).
  2. Chung KF, Wenzel SE, Brozek JL, et al. International ERS/ATS guidelines on definition, evaluation and treatment of severe asthma. Eur Respir J. 2014;43:343–73.
  3. Peters SP, Ferguson G, Deniz Y, Reisner C. Uncontrolled asthma: a review of the prevalence, disease burden and options for treatment. Respir Med. 2006;100:1139–51.
  4. Fernandes AG, Souza-Machado C, Coelho R, et al. Risk factors for death in patients with severe asthma. J Bras Pneumol. 2014;40:364–72.
  5. Chastek B, Korrer S, Nagar SP, et al. Economic burden of illness among patients with severe asthma in a managed care setting. J Manag Care Spec Pharm. 2016;22: 848–61.
  6. Menzies-Gow A, Corren J, Bourdin A, et al. Tezepelumab in adults and adolescents with severe, uncontrolled asthma. N Engl J Med. 2021;384:1800–9.
  7. ClinicalTrials.gov. Extension Study to Evaluate the Safety and Tolerability of Tezepelumab in Adults and Adolescents with Severe, Uncontrolled Asthma (DESTINATION). ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03706079. Available at: www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03706079 (accessed 29 March 2022).
  8. ClinicalTrials.gov. Study to Evaluate Tezepelumab in Adults & Adolescents with Severe Uncontrolled Asthma (NAVIGATOR). ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03347279. Available at: www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03347279 (accessed 29 March 2022).
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Article Information

Disclosure

Andrew Menzies-Gow has attended advisory boards for GlaxoSmithKline, Novartis, AstraZeneca, Sanofi, Regeneron and Teva, received speaker fees from Novartis, AstraZeneca Teva and Sanofi, participated in research for which his institution has been remunerated with AstraZeneca, attended international conferences with Teva and has consultancy agreements with AstraZeneca and Sanofi.

Compliance With Ethics

This article is an expert interview and does not report on new clinical data, or any studies with human or animal subjects, performed by the author.

Review Process

This is an expert interview and as such has not undergone the journal’s standard peer-review process.

Authorship

The named author meets the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE) criteria for authorship of this manuscript, takes responsibility for the integrity of the work as a whole, and has given final approval for the version to be published.

Correspondence

Andrew Menzies-Gow, Royal Brompton Hospital, Sydney Street, London, SW3 6NP, UK. E: a.menzies-gow@rbht.nhs.uk

Support

No funding was received in the publication of this article.

Access

This article is freely accessible at touchRESPIRATORY.com. © Touch Medical Media 2022

Acknowledgements

Medical writing assistance was provided by Katrina Mountfort on behalf of Touch Medical Media, and was supported by Touch Medical Media.

Data Availability

Data sharing is not applicable to this article as no datasets were generated or analysed during the writing of this article.

Received

2022-03-07

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